Author

Alexander Lee

Dr Alexander Lee is a research fellow at the University of Warwick and the author of Machiavelli: His Life and Times (London: Picador, 2020).

Articles by Alexander Lee

John Henry Fuseli's The Nightmare.
Review

Henry Fuseli knew about nightmares

The painter Henry Fuseli traded in the unconscious, the weird, and the fantastical. A forceful, aggressive artist, for whom darkness was always a more congenial medium than light, ..

Alexander LeeMarch 20, 2025
Max Ernst's L'Ange du Foyer.
Review

Surrealism — a monstrous creation

A 'comprehensive' exhibition devoted to Surrealism at the Centre Pompidou deprives the movement of its most essential characteristic: its willingness to confront the world of dream..

Alexander LeeNovember 29, 2024
The Betrayal of Christ by Il Guercino, 1621.
Review

Guercino and the business of art

Guercino's ascent from peasant boy to Italian Baroque master unveils a genius with both brush and business...

Alexander LeeAugust 21, 2024
Ismail Kadare.
essays

Ismail Kadare walked the line

The late Albanian writer Ismail Kadare maintained a delicate balance between collaboration and dissent under Enver Hoxha's brutal Communist dictatorship. His openness to both innoc..

Alexander LeeJuly 12, 2024
Niccolo Machiavelli statue in Florence, Italy
essays

Why Machiavelli wrote The Prince

If we want to understand the ‘meaning’ of The Prince, we should start with Machiavelli himself...

Alexander LeeMay 23, 2024
Soleil Levant by Claude Monet (1840-1926).
Review

Rethinking Impressionism

The Musée d’Orsay’s latest exhibition marks the 150th anniversary of Impressionism’s birth. It challenges us to rethink the way we see the movement – and exposes us to an altogethe..

Alexander LeeApril 15, 2024
A painting of a holiday in a small 16th Century French town.
notebook

Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie and the humanity of history

The great French historian, who died in November, left a formidable legacy and reshaped the study of history...

Alexander LeeJanuary 8, 2024
A board promoting the exhibition Naples in Paris is pictured at the Louvre museum in Paris.
Review

Ransacking Naples

The Museo e Bosco Reale di Capodimonte – Naples’ foremost museum of art – has decided to lend an unprecedented number of its artworks to the Louvre. But this glittering display of ..

Alexander LeeAugust 21, 2023
German mercenaries in the sixteenth century.
notebook

Machiavelli’s take on mercenaries

According to the great Florentine master of statecraft, when it comes to keeping control of your soldiers of fortune, cruelty works...

Alexander LeeJune 27, 2023
Madonna and Child between St. John the Baptist and a saint by Giovanni Bellini
Review

Giovanni Bellini, the soul of Venice

The style of the Venetian painter Giovanni Bellini became that of the city, whose cosmopolitanism during its ‘imperial age’ inspired his breadth of vision...

Alexander LeeApril 6, 2023
Procession in Piazza San Marco by Gentile Bellini, 1496.
essays

Liberty and the myth of Venice

Liberty was central to the idea of Venice, but was remarkably fragile. The republic had to guard it fiercely and expound it as a tangible way of living for flawed human beings...

Alexander LeeMarch 14, 2023
Italo Calvino at Venice film festival, 1981. Credit: Dino Fracchia / Alamy Stock Photo.
Review

The infinite delight of Italo Calvino

Calvino’s restlessness filled him with an insatiable curiosity...

Alexander LeeJanuary 27, 2023
Still from a film production of I Viceré, a novel by Federico De Roberto.
Review

Great Books: I Viceré by Federico De Roberto

De Roberto's familial saga lyrically charts the decline of the Sicilian aristocracy during the Unification of Italy...

Alexander LeeNovember 11, 2022
war on printing
essays

The war against printing

For many, the advent of printing was nothing short of miraculous but for others it symbolised a scandalous cheapening of knowledge. ..

Alexander LeeAugust 1, 2022
Michelangelo's Bacchus.
notebook

Drunk and disorderly: Michelangelo’s Bacchus

Whether an inspiring portrayal of inebriation’s ‘divine madness,’ a study of alcoholic dissipation, or a controversial depiction of same-sex desire, the sculptor’s statue has divid..

Alexander LeeAugust 11, 2021
Guittone
portraits

Guittone d’Arezzo – Dante’s forgotten muse

At a time of moral and political crisis, the medieval poet pioneered a daring and emotive vernacular style which inspired generations of Italian literature...

Alexander LeeJune 9, 2021
St Augustine
notebook

Joe Biden and the attractions of Augustine

Why did Joe Biden's quotation of St. Augustine on society and love strike such a chord?..

Alexander LeeJanuary 23, 2021
Cicero Denounces Catiline, an 1888 painting by Italian artist Cesare Maccari.
essays

Machiavelli and the benefits of civil strife

Niccolo Machiavelli, Renaissance statesman and political theorist, saw factional politics as essential to the prosperity of the Roman Empire and his native Florence. Are today's pa..

Alexander LeeNovember 10, 2020