In attempting to deliver a knock-out blow to their enemies, Moscow underestimated Ukrainian resistance and resilience. But since then has Russia really ‘downsized’ the war?
Historical influences permeate Russian grand strategy. Operation Barbarossa remains seared into its military’s psyche. This has important consequences for how Euro-Atlantic policymakers should think about the Russia threat.
If Western states see a new era of great power competition taking shape, this is a conclusion Moscow reached some time ago. The Russian leadership has already been preparing for such a competition for a decade with its military history playing an important role in its preparations.
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