Peter Gatrell recently retired from the University of Manchester where he taught for 45 years. In addition to books on Russian economic and social history, his publications include a trilogy on refugee history: A Whole Empire Walking: Refugees in Russia during World War 1 (1999); Free World? The Campaign to Save the World's Refugees, 1956-1963 (2011); and The Making of the Modern Refugee (2013). His latest book, The Unsettling of Europe: the Great Migration, 1945 to the Present (2019), was awarded the Laura Shannon Prize and Italy’s 'Premio Cherasco'. He is a Fellow of the British Academy and the Academy of Social Sciences.